Transformation of sentence
অর্থ ঠিক রেখে বাক্যের গঠন পরিবর্তন করাই মূলত Transformation of sentence.
Transformation of sentence এর অংশ ৪টি।
- Affirmative to negative/interrogative/imperative/exclamatory.
- Degree
- Voice
- Simple-complex-compound
এই পর্বে আমরা Affirmative থেকে negative এ রূপান্তর করা শিখব।
Rule 1: Affirmative sentence এ "Only" থাকলে,
i) "Only" ব্যাক্তির ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হলে এর পরিবর্তে 'None but' বসে।
ii) "Only" বস্তুর ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হলে এর পরিবর্তে 'Nothing but, বসে।
iii) "Only" বয়স বা সংখ্যার ক্ষেত্রে ব্যবহৃত হলে এর পরিবর্তে 'Not more than' বসে।
Example 1
Affirmative: Only Rakib is listening to the teacher attentively.
Negative: None but Rakib is listening to the teacher attentively.
Affirmative: Only you can do this job.
Negative: None but you can do this job.
Affirmative: Only my father deserves this honor.
Negative: None but my father deserves this honor.
Affirmative: Only Allah can help us.
Negative: None but Allah can help us.
Example 2
Affirmative: He wants only rose.
Negative: He wants nothing but rose.
Affirmative: I can see only chair in this room.
Negative: I can see nothing but chair in this room.
Affirmative: Rakib needs only schoolbag.
Negative: Rakib needs nothing but schoolbag.
Affirmative: I like only beef (গরুর মাংস)
Negative: I like nothing but beef.
Example 3
Affirmative: Rakib is only 15 years old.
Negative: Rakib is not more than 15 years old.
Affirmative: I have only three pet cats.
Negative: I have not more than three pet cats.
Affirmative: The boy has only five friends.
Negative: The boy has not more than five friends.
Affirmative: Rakib got only 45% marks in the examination.
Negative: Rakib got not more than 45% marks in the examination.
Rule 2: Every এর পর noun থাকলে every এর পরিবর্তে "There is no" ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং noun টির পরে "but" বসে তারপর বাঁকি অংশ বসে। shortcut: Every+noun= There is no+noun+but+বাঁকি অংশ।
[Note: প্রদত্ত বাক্যের মূল verb যদি "has" হয় তাহলে "but" না হয়ে "without" ব্যবহৃত হয়]
Example 1
Affirmative: Every mother loves her child.
Negative: There is no mother but loves her child.
Affirmative: Every person likes to eat.
Negative: There is no person but likes to eat.
Affirmative: Everybody wants to be happy in life.
Negative: There is nobody but wants to be happy in life.
Example 2
Affirmative: Every rose has sweet smell.
Negative: There is no rose without sweet smell.
Affirmative: Every person in the world has problems.
Negative: There is no person in the world without problems.
Rule 3: Must অথবা Have to থাকলে তার পরিবর্তে cannot but অথবা cannot help বসে। তবে cannot help বসালে তার পরের verb এর সাথে সবসময় ing যুক্ত করতে হয়। shortcut: must/have to= cannot but+v1 অথবা cannot help+v (ing).
Example
Affirmative: He must go to Dhaka.
Negative: He cannot but go to Dhaka. অথবা He cannot help going to Dhaka.
Affirmative: They must play cricket:
Negative: They cannot but play cricket অথবা They cannot help playing cricket.
Affirmative: I have to go out.
Negative: I cannot but go out/I cannot help going out.
[Note: যদি have to এর স্থানে had to থাকে তাহলে cannot but/cannot help এর পরিবর্তে could not but/could not help ব্যবহৃত হয়। কেননা can এর past firm হলো could. যেমনঃ
Affirmative: I had to go to Dhaka.
Negative: I could not but go to Dhaka/I could not help going to Dhaka.]
Rule 4: Always থাকলে তার পরিবর্তে Never বসে এবং মূল শব্দের বিপরীত শব্দ বসে। shortcut: Always= never+opposite.
Example
Affirmative: He is always active.
Negative: He is never lazy.
Affirmative: Rakib is always late.
Negative: Rakib is never punctual.
Affirmative: They are always happy.
Negative: They are never sad/unhappy.
Affirmative: Mother always loves me.
Negative: Mother never hates me.
এক্ষেত্রে কিছু কিছু শব্দের বিপরীত শব্দ জানতে হবে। কিছু প্রয়োজনীয় বিপরীত শব্দ দেয়া হলো।
Main word |
Opposite word |
Love |
Hate |
Happy |
Unhappy/Sad |
Obey |
Disobey |
Wise |
Unwise |
Clever |
Foolish |
Mortal |
Immortal |
Kind |
Rude |
Reasonable |
Unreasonable |
Rich |
Poor |
Present |
Absent |
Needy |
Self-sufficient |
Dependent |
Independent/Self-reliant |
Active |
Inactive/Lazy |
Punctual |
Late/Lazy |
Ill |
Well |
Costly |
Cheap |
Ordinary |
Extraordinary |
Admit/Accept |
Deny |
Strong |
Weak |
Ill |
Well |
Well |
Unwell |
Submit |
Escape |
Liable |
Free |
Short |
Tall |
Optimistic |
Pessimistic |
Forget |
Remember |
Mind |
Neglect |
Sink |
Float |
Friend |
Enemy/Foe |
Please |
Displease |
Easy |
Hard/Difficult |
Honor |
Dishonor |
Fertile |
Barren |
Done |
Undone |
Practical |
Impractical |
Fact Complete |
Fiction incomplete |
Rule 5: Both----and থাকলে Not only----but also ব্যবহৃত হয়। অর্থাৎ "Both" উঠে গিয়ে Not only বসে এবং "And" উঠে গিয়ে But also বসে।
Example
Affirmative: Both you and Rakib obtained GPA 5.
Negative: Not only you but also Rakib obtained GPA 5.
Affirmative: I like both tea and coffee.
Negative: I like not only tea but also coffee.
Affirmative: Both father and mother told me to read attentively.
Negative: Not only father but also mother told me to read attentively.
[Note: Negative থেকে Affirmative করার সময় কিছু কিছু ক্ষেত্রে Not only----but also এর পরিবর্তে Not---but থাকতে পারে সেক্ষেত্রেও একই নিয়ম প্রযোজ্য। অর্থাৎ Not---but হলো Not only---but also এর সংক্ষিপ্ত রূপ।]
Rule 6: Many থাকলে তার পরিবর্তে 'not a few' ব্যবহৃত হয়।
[Note: "Not' সবসময় Auxiliary verb এর সাথে বসে। একা একা বসে না।]
Example
Affirmative: I have many dresses.
Negative: I don't have a few dresses.
Affirmative: He has many good friends.
Negative: He doesn't have a few good friends.
Affirmative: They had many cows.
Affirmative: They had many cows.
Negative: The didn't have a few cows.
Rule 7: Forever/For good (চিরতরে) থাকলে Never ব্যবহৃত হয় এবং প্রদত্ত verb এর বিপরীত verb হয় এবং সবশেষে again বসে। shortcut: Never+opposite verb+again.
Example
Affirmative: Rakib has gone forever.
Negative: Rakib has never come again.
Affirmative: He has given up (ত্যগ করা) smoking for good.
Negative: He has never accepted smoking again.
Affirmative: He will go there forever.
Negative: He will never come here again.
Rule 8: প্রদত্ত বাক্যটি যদি চিরন্তন সত্য (universal truth) বাক্য হয় অথবা present continuous tense হয় তাহলে বাক্যের পূর্বে It is not that বসে এবং পরবর্তী অংশের Negative form হয়। shortcut: It is not that+পরবর্তী অংশের negative.
Example 1
Affirmative: Rakib is writing a letter.
Negative: It is not that Rakib is not writing a letter.
Affirmative: Shihab is playing cricket.
Negative: It is not that Shihab is not playing cricket.
Affirmative: They are singing a song.
Negative: It is not that they are not singing a song.
Example 2
Affirmative: The sun rises in the east.
Negative: It is not that the sun does not rise in the east.
Affirmative: Ice floats (ভাসা) on water.
Negative: It is not that ice does not float on water.
Affirmative: Man is mortal.
Negative: It is not that man is not mortal.
[Note: চিরন্তন সত্য বাক্যের ক্ষেত্রে "It is not that" ছাড়াও আরেকটা জিনিস ব্যবহৃত হয় সেটা হলো- "we can not deny that". তবে we can not deny that ব্যবহার করলে পরবর্তী অংশ অপরিবর্তিত থাকে। অর্থাৎ Negative form হয় না। যেমনঃ
Affirmative: The sun rises in the east.
Negative: We can not deny that the sun rises in the east.
Affirmative: Ice floats on water.
Negative: We can not deny that ice floats on water.
Affirmative: Man is mortal.
Negative: We can not deny that man is mortal.]
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